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README.html 0000666 00000051425 15047114177 0006411 0 ustar 00
Thank you for downloading phpBB3. This README will guide you through the basics of installation and operation of phpBB3. Please ensure you read this and the accompanying documentation fully before proceeding with the installation.
Installation, update and conversion instructions can be found in the INSTALL document in this directory. If you are intending on converting from a phpBB 2.0.x installation we highly recommend that you backup any existing data before proceeding!
Users of phpBB3 Beta versions cannot directly update.
Please note that we don't support the following installation types:
We give support for the following installation types:
Once installed, phpBB is easily managed via the Administration and Moderator Control Panels. If you need help or advice with phpBB, please see Section 3 below.
A number of language packs with included style localisations are available. You can find them listed in the Language Packs pages of our downloads section or from the Language Packs section of the Customisation Database.
For more information about language packs, please see: https://www.phpbb.com/languages/
This is the official location for all supported language sets. If you download a package from a 3rd party site you do so with the understanding that we cannot offer support. Please do not ask for support if you download a language pack from a 3rd party site.
Installation of these packages is straightforward: simply download the required language pack, uncompress (unzip) it and via FTP transfer the included language
and styles
folders to the root of your board installation. The language can then be installed via the Administration Control Panel of your board: System tab -> General Tasks -> Language packs
. A more detailed description of the process is in the Knowledge Base article, How to Install a Language Pack.
If your language is not available, please visit our [3.0.x] Translations forum where you will find topics on translations in progress. Should you wish to volunteer to translate a language not currently available or assist in maintaining an existing language pack, you can Apply to become a translator.
Although the phpBB Group is rather proud of the included styles, we realise that they may not be to everyone's taste. Therefore, phpBB3 allows styles to be switched with relative ease. First, you need to locate and download a style you like. You can find them listed in the Styles section of our Customisation Database.
For more information about styles, please see: https://www.phpbb.com/styles/
Please note that 3rd party styles downloaded for versions of phpBB2 will not work in phpBB3. It is also important to ensure that the style is updated to match the current version of the phpBB software you are using.
Once you have downloaded a style, the usual next step is to unarchive (or upload the unarchived contents of) the package into your styles/
directory. You then need to visit Administration Control Panel -> Styles tab
where you should see the new style available. Click "Install" to install the style.
Please note that to improve efficiency, the software caches certain data. For this reason, if you create your own style or modify existing ones, please remember to "Refresh" the appropriate style components Administration Control Panel -> Styles tab -> Style Components
screen. You may also need to reload the page you have changed in your web browser to overcome browser caching. If the changed components are not refreshed you will not see your changes taking effect.
Although not officially supported by the phpBB Group, phpBB has a thriving modification scene. These third party modifications to the standard phpBB software, known as MODs, extend its capabilities still further. You can browse through many of the MODs in the Modifications section of our Customisation Database.
For more information about MODs, please see: https://www.phpbb.com/mods/
Please remember that any bugs or other issues that occur after you have added any modification should NOT be reported to the bug tracker (see below). First remove the MOD and see if the problem is resolved. Any support for a MOD should only be sought in the "Discussion/Support" forum for that MOD.
Also remember that any modifications, particularly those which modify the database in any way, may render upgrading your forum to future versions more difficult. With all this said, many users have and continue to utilise many of the MODs already available with great success.
phpBB3 can sometimes seem a little daunting to new users, particularly with regards to the permission system. The first thing you should do is check the FAQ, which covers a few basic getting started questions. If you need additional help there are several places you can find it.
Comprehensive documentation is now available on the phpBB website:
https://www.phpbb.com/support/documentation/3.0/
This covers everything from installation to setting permissions and managing users.
The Knowledge Base consists of a number of detailed articles on some common issues phpBB users may encounter while using the product. The Knowledge Base can be found at:
The phpBB Group maintains a thriving community where a number of people have generously decided to donate their time to help support users. This site can be found at:
https://www.phpbb.com/community/
If you do seek help via our forums please be sure to do a search before posting; if someone has experienced the issue before, then you may find that your question has already been answered. Please remember that phpBB is entirely staffed by volunteers, no one receives any compensation for the time they give, including moderators as well as developers; please be respectful and mindful when awaiting responses and receiving support.
Another place you may find help is our IRC channel. This operates on the Freenode IRC network, irc.freenode.net and the channel is #phpbb and can be accessed by any decent IRC client such as mIRC, XChat, etc. Again, please do not abuse this service and be respectful of other users.
There are other IRC channels available, please see https://www.phpbb.com/support/irc/ for the complete list.
This is the third stable release of phpBB. The 3.0.x line is essentially feature frozen, with only point releases seeing fixes for bugs and security issues, though feature alterations and minor feature additions may be done if deemed absolutely required. Our next major release will be phpBB 3.1. Please do not post questions asking when 3.1 will be available, no release date has been set.
Those interested in the development of phpBB should keep an eye on the development forums to see how things are progressing:
http://area51.phpbb.com/phpBB/
Please note that the development forums should NOT be used to seek support for or ask questions about phpBB 2.0.x or phpBB 3.0.x, the main community forums are the place for this. Any such posts will be locked and go unanswered.
The phpBB Group uses a bug tracking system to store, list and manage all reported bugs, it can be found at the location listed below. Please DO NOT post bug reports to our forums. In addition please DO NOT use the bug tracker for support requests. Posting such a request will only see you directed to the support forums (while taking time away from working on real bugs).
http://tracker.phpbb.com/browse/PHPBB3
While we very much appreciate receiving bug reports (the more reports the more stable phpBB will be) we ask you carry out a few steps before adding new entries:
If you do post a new bug (i.e. one that isn't already listed in the bug tracker) first make sure that you have logged in (your username and password are the same as for the community forums) then please include the following details:
The relevant database type/version is listed within the administration control panel.
Please be as detailed as you can in your report, and if possible, list the steps required to duplicate the problem. If you have a patch that fixes the issue, please attach it to the ticket or submit a pull request to our repository on GitHub.
If you create a patch, it is very much appreciated (but not required) if you follow the phpBB coding guidelines. Please note that the coding guidelines are somewhat different between different versions of phpBB. For phpBB 3.0.x the coding guidelines may be found here: http://area51.phpbb.com/docs/30x/coding-guidelines.html
Once a bug has been submitted you will be emailed any follow up comments added to it. Please if you are requested to supply additional information, do so! It is frustrating for us to receive bug reports, ask for additional information but get nothing. In these cases we have a policy of closing the bug, which may leave a very real problem in place. Obviously we would rather not have this situation arise.
If you find a potential security related vulnerability in phpBB please DO NOT post it to the bug tracker, public forums, etc.! Doing so may allow unscrupulous users to take advantage of it before we have time to put a fix in place. All security related bugs should be sent to our security tracker:
This list is not complete but does represent those bugs which may affect users on a wider scale. Other bugs listed in the tracker have typically been shown to be limited to certain setups or methods of installation, updating and/or conversions.
phpBB is no longer supported on PHP3 due to several compatibility issues and we recommend that you upgrade to the latest stable release of PHP5 to run phpBB. The minimum version required is PHP 4.3.3. The minimum version that will be required for phpBB 3.1 is PHP 5.3.3.
Please remember that running any application on a development (unstable, e.g. a beta release) version of PHP can lead to strange/unexpected results which may appear to be bugs in the application. Therefore, we recommend you upgrade to the newest stable version of PHP before running phpBB3. If you are running a development version of PHP please check any bugs you find on a system running a stable release before submitting.
This board has been developed and tested under Linux and Windows (amongst others) running Apache using MySQL 3.23, 4.x, 5.x, MSSQL Server 2000, PostgreSQL 7.x, Oracle 8, SQLite 2 and Firebird. Versions of PHP used range from 4.3.3 to 5.4.x without problem.
Currently there are no known issues regarding PHP security.
This application is opensource software released under the GNU General Public License v2. Please see source code and the docs directory for more details. This package and its contents are Copyright © phpBB Group, All Rights Reserved.
This is a very basic Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page which attempts to answer some of the more commonly asked questions. It is by no means exhaustive and should be used in combination with the 'built-in' User FAQ within phpBB3, the community forums and our IRC channel (see README for details).
Simple answer, no we will not. We are not being difficult when we say this we are actually trying to help you. phpBB has a reputation for being easy to install, that reputation is we believe well deserved. It is a simple process of unarchiving a single file, uploading the resulting directory/files to their intended location and entering some data in a web based form. The sequence of events, what to type where, etc. is covered in detail in the accompanying INSTALL.html documentation. If you cannot install phpBB3 the chances are you will be unable to administer or update it.
There are people, companies (unrelated to your hosting provider), etc. that will install your forum, either for free or for a payment. We do not recommend you make use of these offers. Unless the service is provided by your hosting company you will have to divulge passwords and other sensitive details. If you did not know how to use an ATM would you give a passer-by your bank card and PIN and ask them to show you what to do? No, probably not! The same applies to your hosting account details!
We think a better solution is for you to carefully read the enclosed documentation, read through our knowledge base at www.phpbb.com and if necessary ask for help on any thing you get stuck on. However, the decision is yours but please note we may not offer support if we believe you have had the board installed by a third party. In such cases you should direct your questions to that company or person/s.
We provide the software, we have absolutely nothing to do with any board that runs it (beyond phpbb.com of course!) and we also do not host any site. The GPL grants the user an unlimited right of use subject to their adherence of that license. Therefore we cannot prevent, dictate, control or otherwise limit the use of phpBB software. So please do not contact us for such matters.
If you have a problem with a given board please take it up with them, not us. We are not and cannot be held legally responsible for any third party use of this software (much like Microsoft et al cannot be held responsible for the use of Windows in illegal activities, etc.). Additionally we do not track the use of phpBB software in any way. So please do not ask us for details on a "given" board we will not be able to help you. If any law firms or lawyers out there send us writs, cease and desist orders, etc. for third party website use of this software we reserve the right to charge for time wasted dealing with such issues...
No, they probably are not. phpBB uses sessions to keep track of users as they move between pages. The session information tells us who this user is. Therefore in order to determine what a user can do on a page we first need the session details. Once this data is available we can check whether the user is permitted to do whatever it is they are trying to do. This can result in it appearing as if a user is reading a topic in a forum they should not be able to access. Or perhaps viewing private messages when they are only guests, etc. In practice the user is not doing these things, they are viewing a "You are not permitted to do this" type message. The session data has simply been updated before we were able to determine what the user could or could not do.
Of course this only applies where permissions have been set correctly!
This error will occur if phpBB cannot send mail. phpBB can send email two ways; using the PHP mail()
function or directly via SMTP. Some hosting providers limit the mail()
function to prevent its use in spamming, others may rename it or limit its functionality. If the mail()
function got renamed, you are able to enter the correct name within the administration control panel. In either case you may need to make use of SMTP. This requires that you have access to such a facility, e.g. your hosting provider may provide one (perhaps requiring specific written authorisation), etc. Please see www.phpbb.com for additional help on this matter.
If you do require SMTP services please do not ask (on our forums or elsewhere) for someone to provide you with one. Open relays are now things of the past thanks to the unthinking spammers out there. Therefore you are unlikely to find someone willing to offer you (free) services.
You must have deleted a language pack or the language pack is incomplete. phpBB will try to send emails in the users selected language. If it cannot find a suitable email template it will switch to the boards default language.
phpBB uses sessions to keep track of users as they browse the board. These sessions use a combination of a unique session id, the users IP and if specified the users browser and/or the users x-forwarded-for header to identify each user. We make use of all of this as an extra safe-guard to help prevent sessions being hijacked (by discovering the unique session id).
Unfortunately this only works when the users IP is constant as they browse the board. For most users this will be the case. However certain providers route their users via a cluster of proxys. In some cases, particularly the AOL browser, this results in different IPs being forwarded as the user moves between pages. We take account of this by not checking the entire IP by default but only the first "three quads" (A.B.C). Again in most cases this will be fine. However again AOL uses IPs which can vary so much that checking only the first two quads results in a fairly static IP being available for session validation.
If you are experiencing problems related to this you can set the Session IP validation parameter found in Admin->General->Server Configuration->Security Settings
to A.B. Please note that reducing the IP validation length does potentially increase the risk of sessions being hijacked (this is something for you to consider, phpBB Group takes no responsibility should anything happen!). We suggest to at least additionally enable the browser validation.
There are two possibilities here, the first is you have not created the directory you specified as the storage location for avatars, ie. as specified in the Admin -> General -> Board Configuration -> Avatar settings
section. If the directory does not exist uploadeable avatars are automatically disabled. You should create the required directory (ensuring it has global write access or other appropriate permissions to allow the webserver to write files to it).
The second possibility is that your provider has disabled file_upload support. You should contact your provider and ask them if this is the case. There is not a lot you can do, there are still three other avatar settings left to choose from including uploading via an URL which will work fine.
phpBB categorises gallery avatars and it does this by reading through folders contained in the location you specified as being the gallery path. For example, if you set the gallery path to images/avatars/gallery phpBB will expect to find a series of folders within that path, e.g. images/avatars/gallery/moviestars, images/avatars/gallery/cartoons, images/avatars/gallery/misc, etc. Placing images directly in images/avatars/gallery/ will result in nothing being listed in your gallery.
If you (or your users) are, after attempting a login, being returned to the index (or other page) without appearing to be logged in the most likely problem is incorrect cookie settings. phpBB uses cookies to store a session id and a small amount of user data. For this data to be stored correctly the cookie domain, name, path and secure settings must be correct. You can check this in Admin->General->Server Configuration->Cookie Settings
. Typically the cookie domain can be left blank and the cookie path set to / (a single forward slash). Do not set the cookie as being secure unless your board is running over a secure sockets layer connection, ie. https://
If you still have problems try setting the cookie domain to your full domain name, e.g. www.mysystem.tld, www.something.mydomain.tld. You must ensure the domain name contains at least two dots or browsers will be unlikely to recognise the cookie, e.g. .mydomain.com, mydomain.com. Do not add http:// or anything else to the domain name!
You can increase the default length of sessions (ie. how long before a users session is considered 'dead') in Admin->General->Server Configuration->Load Settings
. Set it to whatever value your users feel comfortable with, remember that security issues may affect your decision (ie. having too long a session may allow non-users to abuse your board should a user forget to logout or otherwise leave a current session on a public workstation).
Please read our extensive user documentation first, it may just explain what you want to know.
Feel free to search our community forum for the information you require. PLEASE DO NOT post your question without having first used search, chances are someone has already asked and answered your question. You can find our board here:
This application is opensource software released under the GNU General Public License v2. Please see source code and the docs directory for more details. This package and its contents are Copyright (c) phpBB Group, All Rights Reserved.
These are the phpBB Coding Guidelines for Olympus, all attempts should be made to follow them as closely as possible.
In order to make this as simple as possible, we will be using tabs, not spaces. We enforce 4 (four) spaces for one tab - therefore you need to set your tab width within your editor to 4 spaces. Make sure that when you save the file, it's saving tabs and not spaces. This way, we can each have the code be displayed the way we like it, without breaking the layout of the actual files.
Tabs in front of lines are no problem, but having them within the text can be a problem if you do not set it to the amount of spaces every one of us uses. Here is a short example of how it should look like:
{TAB}$mode{TAB}{TAB}= request_var('mode', ''); {TAB}$search_id{TAB}= request_var('search_id', '');
If entered with tabs (replace the {TAB}) both equal signs need to be on the same column.
Ensure that your editor is saving files in the UNIX (LF) line ending format. This means that lines are terminated with a newline, not with Windows Line endings (CR/LF combo) as they are on Win32 or Classic Mac (CR) Line endings. Any decent editor should be able to do this, but it might not always be the default setting. Know your editor. If you want advice for an editor for your Operating System, just ask one of the developers. Some of them do their editing on Win32.
This template of the header must be included at the start of all phpBB files:
/** * * @package {PACKAGENAME} * @copyright (c) 2007 phpBB Group * @license http://opensource.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.php GNU General Public License v2 * */
Please see the File Locations section for the correct package name.
For those files you have to put an empty comment directly after the header to prevent the documentor assigning the header to the first code element found.
/** * {HEADER} */ /** */ {CODE}
Do not forget to comment the functions (especially the first function following the header). Each function should have at least a comment of what this function does. For more complex functions it is recommended to document the parameters too.
Do not forget to comment the class. Classes need a separate @package definition, it is the same as the header package name. Apart from this special case the above statement for files containing only functions needs to be applied to classes and it's methods too.
If this case is true, the best method to avoid documentation confusions is adding an ignore command, for example:
/** * {HEADER} */ /** * @ignore */ Small code snipped, mostly one or two defines or an if statement /** * {DOCUMENTATION} */ class ...
Functions used by more than one page should be placed in functions.php, functions specific to one page should be placed on that page (at the bottom) or within the relevant sections functions file. Some files in /includes
are holding functions responsible for special sections, for example uploading files, displaying "things", user related functions and so forth.
The following packages are defined, and related new features/functions should be placed within the mentioned files/locations, as well as specifying the correct package name. The package names are bold within this list:
/includes/acm
, /includes/cache.php
/adm
, /includes/acp
, /includes/functions_admin.php
/includes/db
dbal
/includes/db/dbal.php
/includes/db/firebird.php
/includes/db/msssql.php
/includes/db/mssql_odbc.php
/includes/db/mysql.php
/includes/db/mysqli.php
/includes/db/oracle.php
/includes/db/postgres.php
/includes/db/sqlite.php
/includes/diff
/docs
/images
/install
/language
/includes/auth
/includes/captcha
mcp.php
, /includes/mcp
, report.php
ucp.php
, /includes/ucp
/includes/utf
/includes/search
, search.php
/styles
, style.php
There are some special constants application developers are able to utilize to bend some of phpBB's internal functionality to suit their needs.
PHPBB_MSG_HANDLER (overwrite message handler) PHPBB_DB_NEW_LINK (overwrite new_link parameter for sql_connect) PHPBB_ROOT_PATH (overwrite $phpbb_root_path) PHPBB_ADMIN_PATH (overwrite $phpbb_admin_path) PHPBB_USE_BOARD_URL_PATH (use generate_board_url() for image paths instead of $phpbb_root_path) PHPBB_DISABLE_ACP_EDITOR (disable ACP style editor for templates) PHPBB_DISABLE_CONFIG_CHECK (disable ACP config.php writeable check) PHPBB_ACM_MEMCACHE_PORT (overwrite memcached port, default is 11211) PHPBB_ACM_MEMCACHE_COMPRESS (overwrite memcached compress setting, default is disabled) PHPBB_ACM_MEMCACHE_HOST (overwrite memcached host name, default is localhost) PHPBB_ACM_REDIS_HOST (overwrite redis host name, default is localhost) PHPBB_ACM_REDIS_PORT (overwrite redis port, default is 6379) PHPBB_ACM_REDIS_PASSWORD (overwrite redis password, default is empty) PHPBB_ACM_REDIS_DB (overwrite redis default database) PHPBB_QA (Set board to QA-Mode, which means the updater also checks for RC-releases)
If the PHPBB_USE_BOARD_URL_PATH
constant is set to true, phpBB uses generate_board_url() (this will return the boards url with the script path included) on all instances where web-accessible images are loaded. The exact locations are:
Path locations for the following template variables are affected by this too:
Please note that these guidelines apply to all php, html, javascript and css files.
We will not be using any form of hungarian notation in our naming conventions. Many of us believe that hungarian naming is one of the primary code obfuscation techniques currently in use.
Variable names should be in all lowercase, with words separated by an underscore, example:
$current_user
is right, but $currentuser
and $currentUser
are not.
Names should be descriptive, but concise. We don't want huge sentences as our variable names, but typing an extra couple of characters is always better than wondering what exactly a certain variable is for.
The only situation where a one-character variable name is allowed is when it's the index for some looping construct. In this case, the index of the outer loop should always be $i. If there's a loop inside that loop, its index should be $j, followed by $k, and so on. If the loop is being indexed by some already-existing variable with a meaningful name, this guideline does not apply, example:
for ($i = 0; $i < $outer_size; $i++) { for ($j = 0; $j < $inner_size; $j++) { foo($i, $j); } }
Functions should also be named descriptively. We're not programming in C here, we don't want to write functions called things like "stristr()". Again, all lower-case names with words separated by a single underscore character. Function names should preferably have a verb in them somewhere. Good function names are print_login_status()
, get_user_data()
, etc.
Arguments are subject to the same guidelines as variable names. We don't want a bunch of functions like: do_stuff($a, $b, $c)
. In most cases, we'd like to be able to tell how to use a function by just looking at its declaration.
The basic philosophy here is to not hurt code clarity for the sake of laziness. This has to be balanced by a little bit of common sense, though; print_login_status_for_a_given_user()
goes too far, for example -- that function would be better named print_user_login_status()
, or just print_login_status()
.
For all emoticons use the term smiley
in singular and smilies
in plural.
This is another case of being too lazy to type 2 extra characters causing problems with code clarity. Even if the body of some construct is only one line long, do not drop the braces. Just don't, examples:
// These are all wrong.
if (condition) do_stuff(); if (condition) do_stuff(); while (condition) do_stuff(); for ($i = 0; $i < size; $i++) do_stuff($i);
// These are all right.
if (condition) { do_stuff(); } while (condition) { do_stuff(); } for ($i = 0; $i < size; $i++) { do_stuff(); }
This one is a bit of a holy war, but we're going to use a style that can be summed up in one sentence: Braces always go on their own line. The closing brace should also always be at the same column as the corresponding opening brace, examples:
if (condition) { while (condition2) { ... } } else { ... } for ($i = 0; $i < $size; $i++) { ... } while (condition) { ... } function do_stuff() { ... }
This is another simple, easy step that helps keep code readable without much effort. Whenever you write an assignment, expression, etc.. Always leave one space between the tokens. Basically, write code as if it was English. Put spaces between variable names and operators. Don't put spaces just after an opening bracket or before a closing bracket. Don't put spaces just before a comma or a semicolon. This is best shown with a few examples, examples:
// Each pair shows the wrong way followed by the right way.
$i=0; $i = 0; if($i<7) ... if ($i < 7) ... if ( ($i < 7)&&($j > 8) ) ... if ($i < 7 && $j > 8) ... do_stuff( $i, 'foo', $b ); do_stuff($i, 'foo', $b); for($i=0; $i<$size; $i++) ... for ($i = 0; $i < $size; $i++) ... $i=($j < $size)?0:1; $i = ($j < $size) ? 0 : 1;
Do you know the exact precedence of all the operators in PHP? Neither do I. Don't guess. Always make it obvious by using brackets to force the precedence of an equation so you know what it does. Remember to not over-use this, as it may harden the readability. Basically, do not enclose single expressions. Examples:
// what's the result? who knows.
$bool = ($i < 7 && $j > 8 || $k == 4);
// now you can be certain what I'm doing here.
$bool = (($i < 7) && (($j < 8) || ($k == 4)));
// But this one is even better, because it is easier on the eye but the intention is preserved
$bool = ($i < 7 && ($j < 8 || $k == 4));
There are two different ways to quote strings in PHP - either with single quotes or with double quotes. The main difference is that the parser does variable interpolation in double-quoted strings, but not in single quoted strings. Because of this, you should always use single quotes unless you specifically need variable interpolation to be done on that string. This way, we can save the parser the trouble of parsing a bunch of strings where no interpolation needs to be done.
Also, if you are using a string variable as part of a function call, you do not need to enclose that variable in quotes. Again, this will just make unnecessary work for the parser. Note, however, that nearly all of the escape sequences that exist for double-quoted strings will not work with single-quoted strings. Be careful, and feel free to break this guideline if it's making your code easier to read, examples:
// wrong
$str = "This is a really long string with no variables for the parser to find."; do_stuff("$str");
// right
$str = 'This is a really long string with no variables for the parser to find.'; do_stuff($str);
// Sometimes single quotes are just not right
$post_url = $phpbb_root_path . 'posting.' . $phpEx . '?mode=' . $mode . '&start=' . $start;
// Double quotes are sometimes needed to not overcrowd the line with concatenations.
$post_url = "{$phpbb_root_path}posting.$phpEx?mode=$mode&start=$start";
In SQL statements mixing single and double quotes is partly allowed (following the guidelines listed here about SQL formatting), else one should try to only use one method - mostly single quotes.
In PHP, it's legal to use a literal string as a key to an associative array without quoting that string. We don't want to do this -- the string should always be quoted to avoid confusion. Note that this is only when we're using a literal, not when we're using a variable, examples:
// wrong
$foo = $assoc_array[blah];
// right
$foo = $assoc_array['blah'];
// wrong
$foo = $assoc_array["$var"];
// right
$foo = $assoc_array[$var];
Each complex function should be preceded by a comment that tells a programmer everything they need to know to use that function. The meaning of every parameter, the expected input, and the output are required as a minimal comment. The function's behaviour in error conditions (and what those error conditions are) should also be present - but mostly included within the comment about the output.
Especially important to document are any assumptions the code makes, or preconditions for its proper operation. Any one of the developers should be able to look at any part of the application and figure out what's going on in a reasonable amount of time.
Avoid using /* */
comment blocks for one-line comments, //
should be used for one/two-liners.
Don't use them. Use named constants for any literal value other than obvious special cases. Basically, it's ok to check if an array has 0 elements by using the literal 0. It's not ok to assign some special meaning to a number and then use it everywhere as a literal. This hurts readability AND maintainability. The constants true
and false
should be used in place of the literals 1 and 0 -- even though they have the same values (but not type!), it's more obvious what the actual logic is when you use the named constants. Typecast variables where it is needed, do not rely on the correct variable type (PHP is currently very loose on typecasting which can lead to security problems if a developer does not keep a very close eye on it).
The only shortcut operators that cause readability problems are the shortcut increment $i++
and decrement $j--
operators. These operators should not be used as part of an expression. They can, however, be used on their own line. Using them in expressions is just not worth the headaches when debugging, examples:
// wrong
$array[++$i] = $j; $array[$i++] = $k;
// right
$i++; $array[$i] = $j; $array[$i] = $k; $i++;
Inline conditionals should only be used to do very simple things. Preferably, they will only be used to do assignments, and not for function calls or anything complex at all. They can be harmful to readability if used incorrectly, so don't fall in love with saving typing by using them, examples:
// Bad place to use them
($i < $size && $j > $size) ? do_stuff($foo) : do_stuff($bar);
// OK place to use them
$min = ($i < $j) ? $i : $j;
For phpBB3, we intend to use a higher level of run-time error reporting. This will mean that the use of an uninitialized variable will be reported as a warning. These warnings can be avoided by using the built-in isset() function to check whether a variable has been set - but preferably the variable is always existing. For checking if an array has a key set this can come in handy though, examples:
// Wrong
if ($forum) ...
// Right
if (isset($forum)) ...
// Also possible
if (isset($forum) && $forum == 5)
The empty()
function is useful if you want to check if a variable is not set or being empty (an empty string, 0 as an integer or string, NULL, false, an empty array or a variable declared, but without a value in a class). Therefore empty should be used in favor of isset($array) && sizeof($array) > 0
- this can be written in a shorter way as !empty($array)
.
Switch/case code blocks can get a bit long sometimes. To have some level of notice and being in-line with the opening/closing brace requirement (where they are on the same line for better readability), this also applies to switch/case code blocks and the breaks. An example:
// Wrong
switch ($mode) { case 'mode1': // I am doing something here break; case 'mode2': // I am doing something completely different here break; }
// Good
switch ($mode) { case 'mode1': // I am doing something here break; case 'mode2': // I am doing something completely different here break; default: // Always assume that a case was not caught break; }
// Also good, if you have more code between the case and the break
switch ($mode) { case 'mode1': // I am doing something here break; case 'mode2': // I am doing something completely different here break; default: // Always assume that a case was not caught break; }
Even if the break for the default case is not needed, it is sometimes better to include it just for readability and completeness.
If no break is intended, please add a comment instead. An example:
// Example with no break
switch ($mode) { case 'mode1': // I am doing something here // no break here case 'mode2': // I am doing something completely different here break; default: // Always assume that a case was not caught break; }
All SQL should be cross-DB compatible, if DB specific SQL is used alternatives must be provided which work on all supported DB's (MySQL3/4/5, MSSQL (7.0 and 2000), PostgreSQL (7.0+), Firebird, SQLite, Oracle8, ODBC (generalised if possible)).
All SQL commands should utilise the DataBase Abstraction Layer (DBAL)
SQL Statements are often unreadable without some formatting, since they tend to be big at times. Though the formatting of sql statements adds a lot to the readability of code. SQL statements should be formatted in the following way, basically writing keywords:
$sql = 'SELECT * <-one tab->FROM ' . SOME_TABLE . ' <-one tab->WHERE a = 1 <-two tabs->AND (b = 2 <-three tabs->OR b = 3) <-one tab->ORDER BY b';
Here the example with the tabs applied:
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM ' . SOME_TABLE . ' WHERE a = 1 AND (b = 2 OR b = 3) ORDER BY b';
Use double quotes where applicable. (The variables in these examples are typecasted to integers beforehand.) Examples:
// These are wrong.
"UPDATE " . SOME_TABLE . " SET something = something_else WHERE a = $b"; 'UPDATE ' . SOME_TABLE . ' SET something = ' . $user_id . ' WHERE a = ' . $something;
// These are right.
'UPDATE ' . SOME_TABLE . " SET something = something_else WHERE a = $b"; 'UPDATE ' . SOME_TABLE . " SET something = $user_id WHERE a = $something";
In other words use single quotes where no variable substitution is required or where the variable involved shouldn't appear within double quotes. Otherwise use double quotes.
The "not equals operator", as defined by the SQL:2003 standard, is "<>"
// This is wrong.
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM ' . SOME_TABLE . ' WHERE a != 2';
// This is right.
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM ' . SOME_TABLE . ' WHERE a <> 2';
Always use $db->sql_escape()
if you need to check for a string within an SQL statement (even if you are sure the variable cannot contain single quotes - never trust your input), for example:
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM ' . SOME_TABLE . " WHERE username = '" . $db->sql_escape($username) . "'";
We do not add limit statements to the sql query, but instead use $db->sql_query_limit()
. You basically pass the query, the total number of lines to retrieve and the offset.
Note: Since Oracle handles limits differently and because of how we implemented this handling you need to take special care if you use sql_query_limit
with an sql query retrieving data from more than one table.
Make sure when using something like "SELECT x.*, y.jars" that there is not a column named jars in x; make sure that there is no overlap between an implicit column and the explicit columns.
If you need to UPDATE or INSERT data, make use of the $db->sql_build_array()
function. This function already escapes strings and checks other types, so there is no need to do this here. The data to be inserted should go into an array - $sql_ary
- or directly within the statement if one or two variables needs to be inserted/updated. An example of an insert statement would be:
$sql_ary = array( 'somedata' => $my_string, 'otherdata' => $an_int, 'moredata' => $another_int ); $db->sql_query('INSERT INTO ' . SOME_TABLE . ' ' . $db->sql_build_array('INSERT', $sql_ary));
To complete the example, this is how an update statement would look like:
$sql_ary = array( 'somedata' => $my_string, 'otherdata' => $an_int, 'moredata' => $another_int ); $sql = 'UPDATE ' . SOME_TABLE . ' SET ' . $db->sql_build_array('UPDATE', $sql_ary) . ' WHERE user_id = ' . (int) $user_id; $db->sql_query($sql);
The $db->sql_build_array()
function supports the following modes: INSERT
(example above), INSERT_SELECT
(building query for INSERT INTO table (...) SELECT value, column ...
statements), UPDATE
(example above) and SELECT
(for building WHERE statement [AND logic]).
If you want to insert multiple statements at once, please use the separate sql_multi_insert()
method. An example:
$sql_ary = array(); $sql_ary[] = array( 'somedata' => $my_string_1, 'otherdata' => $an_int_1, 'moredata' => $another_int_1, ); $sql_ary[] = array( 'somedata' => $my_string_2, 'otherdata' => $an_int_2, 'moredata' => $another_int_2, ); $db->sql_multi_insert(SOME_TABLE, $sql_ary);
The $db->sql_in_set()
function should be used for building IN ()
and NOT IN ()
constructs. Since (specifically) MySQL tend to be faster if for one value to be compared the =
and <>
operator is used, we let the DBAL decide what to do. A typical example of doing a positive match against a number of values would be:
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM ' . FORUMS_TABLE . ' WHERE ' . $db->sql_in_set('forum_id', $forum_ids); $db->sql_query($sql);
Based on the number of values in $forum_ids, the query can look differently.
// SQL Statement if $forum_ids = array(1, 2, 3);
SELECT FROM phpbb_forums WHERE forum_id IN (1, 2, 3)
// SQL Statement if $forum_ids = array(1) or $forum_ids = 1
SELECT FROM phpbb_forums WHERE forum_id = 1
Of course the same is possible for doing a negative match against a number of values:
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM ' . FORUMS_TABLE . ' WHERE ' . $db->sql_in_set('forum_id', $forum_ids, true); $db->sql_query($sql);
Based on the number of values in $forum_ids, the query can look differently here too.
// SQL Statement if $forum_ids = array(1, 2, 3);
SELECT FROM phpbb_forums WHERE forum_id NOT IN (1, 2, 3)
// SQL Statement if $forum_ids = array(1) or $forum_ids = 1
SELECT FROM phpbb_forums WHERE forum_id <> 1
If the given array is empty, an error will be produced.
The $db->sql_build_query()
function is responsible for building sql statements for SELECT and SELECT DISTINCT queries if you need to JOIN on more than one table or retrieve data from more than one table while doing a JOIN. This needs to be used to make sure the resulting statement is working on all supported db's. Instead of explaining every possible combination, I will give a short example:
$sql_array = array( 'SELECT' => 'f.*, ft.mark_time', 'FROM' => array( FORUMS_WATCH_TABLE => 'fw', FORUMS_TABLE => 'f' ), 'LEFT_JOIN' => array( array( 'FROM' => array(FORUMS_TRACK_TABLE => 'ft'), 'ON' => 'ft.user_id = ' . $user->data['user_id'] . ' AND ft.forum_id = f.forum_id' ) ), 'WHERE' => 'fw.user_id = ' . $user->data['user_id'] . ' AND f.forum_id = fw.forum_id', 'ORDER_BY' => 'left_id' ); $sql = $db->sql_build_query('SELECT', $sql_array);
The possible first parameter for sql_build_query() is SELECT or SELECT_DISTINCT. As you can see, the logic is pretty self-explaining. For the LEFT_JOIN key, just add another array if you want to join on to tables for example. The added benefit of using this construct is that you are able to easily build the query statement based on conditions - for example the above LEFT_JOIN is only necessary if server side topic tracking is enabled; a slight adjustement would be:
$sql_array = array( 'SELECT' => 'f.*', 'FROM' => array( FORUMS_WATCH_TABLE => 'fw', FORUMS_TABLE => 'f' ), 'WHERE' => 'fw.user_id = ' . $user->data['user_id'] . ' AND f.forum_id = fw.forum_id', 'ORDER_BY' => 'left_id' ); if ($config['load_db_lastread']) { $sql_array['LEFT_JOIN'] = array( array( 'FROM' => array(FORUMS_TRACK_TABLE => 'ft'), 'ON' => 'ft.user_id = ' . $user->data['user_id'] . ' AND ft.forum_id = f.forum_id' ) ); $sql_array['SELECT'] .= ', ft.mark_time '; } else { // Here we read the cookie data } $sql = $db->sql_build_query('SELECT', $sql_array);
Always try to optimize your loops if operations are going on at the comparing part, since this part is executed every time the loop is parsed through. For assignments a descriptive name should be chosen. Example:
// On every iteration the sizeof function is called
for ($i = 0; $i < sizeof($post_data); $i++) { do_something(); }
// You are able to assign the (not changing) result within the loop itself
for ($i = 0, $size = sizeof($post_data); $i < $size; $i++) { do_something(); }
Try to avoid using in_array() on huge arrays, and try to not place them into loops if the array to check consist of more than 20 entries. in_array() can be very time consuming and uses a lot of cpu processing time. For little checks it is not noticeable, but if checked against a huge array within a loop those checks alone can take several seconds. If you need this functionality, try using isset() on the arrays keys instead, actually shifting the values into keys and vice versa. A call to isset($array[$var])
is a lot faster than in_array($var, array_keys($array))
for example.
Never trust user input (this also applies to server variables as well as cookies).
Try to sanitize values returned from a function.
Try to sanitize given function variables within your function.
The auth class should be used for all authorisation checking.
No attempt should be made to remove any copyright information (either contained within the source or displayed interactively when the source is run/compiled), neither should the copyright information be altered in any way (it may be added to).
Make use of the request_var()
function for anything except for submit or single checking params.
The request_var function determines the type to set from the second parameter (which determines the default value too). If you need to get a scalar variable type, you need to tell this the request_var function explicitly. Examples:
// Old method, do not use it
$start = (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['start'])) ? intval($HTTP_GET_VARS['start']) : intval($HTTP_POST_VARS['start']); $submit = (isset($HTTP_POST_VARS['submit'])) ? true : false;
// Use request var and define a default variable (use the correct type)
$start = request_var('start', 0); $submit = (isset($_POST['submit'])) ? true : false;
// $start is an int, the following use of request_var therefore is not allowed
$start = request_var('start', '0');
// Getting an array, keys are integers, value defaults to 0
$mark_array = request_var('mark', array(0));
// Getting an array, keys are strings, value defaults to 0
$action_ary = request_var('action', array('' => 0));
To show a forum login box use login_forum_box($forum_data)
, else use the login_box()
function.
$forum_data
should contain at least the forum_id
and forum_password
fields. If the field forum_name
is available, then it is displayed on the forum login page.
The login_box()
function can have a redirect as the first parameter. As a thumb of rule, specify an empty string if you want to redirect to the users current location, else do not add the $SID
to the redirect string (for example within the ucp/login we redirect to the board index because else the user would be redirected to the login screen).
For sensitive operations always let the user confirm the action. For the confirmation screens, make use of the confirm_box()
function.
For operations altering the state of the database, for instance posting, always verify the form token, unless you are already using confirm_box()
. To do so, make use of the add_form_key()
and check_form_key()
functions.
add_form_key('my_form'); if ($submit) { if (!check_form_key('my_form')) { trigger_error('FORM_INVALID'); } }
The string passed to add_form_key()
needs to match the string passed to check_form_key()
. Another requirement for this to work correctly is that all forms include the {S_FORM_TOKEN}
template variable.
Sessions should be initiated on each page, as near the top as possible using the following code:
$user->session_begin(); $auth->acl($user->data); $user->setup();
The $user->setup()
call can be used to pass on additional language definition and a custom style (used in viewforum).
All messages/errors should be outputted by calling trigger_error()
using the appropriate message type and language string. Example:
trigger_error('NO_FORUM');
trigger_error($user->lang['NO_FORUM']);
trigger_error('NO_MODE', E_USER_ERROR);
All urls pointing to internal files need to be prepended by the $phpbb_root_path
variable. Within the administration control panel all urls pointing to internal files need to be prepended by the $phpbb_admin_path
variable. This makes sure the path is always correct and users being able to just rename the admin folder and the acp still working as intended (though some links will fail and the code need to be slightly adjusted).
The append_sid()
function from 2.0.x is available too, though it does not handle url alterations automatically. Please have a look at the code documentation if you want to get more details on how to use append_sid(). A sample call to append_sid() can look like this:
append_sid("{$phpbb_root_path}memberlist.$phpEx", 'mode=group&g=' . $row['group_id'])
Some of these functions are only chosen over others because of personal preference and have no benefit other than maintaining consistency throughout the code.
Use sizeof
instead of count
Use strpos
instead of strstr
Use else if
instead of elseif
Use false
(lowercase) instead of FALSE
Use true
(lowercase) instead of TRUE
Your page should either call page_footer()
in the end to trigger output through the template engine and terminate the script, or alternatively at least call the exit_handler()
. That call is necessary because it provides a method for external applications embedding phpBB to be called at the end of the script.
Style cfg files are simple name-value lists with the information necessary for installing a style. Similar cfg files exist for templates, themes and imagesets. These follow the same principle and will not be introduced individually. Styles can use installed components by using the required_theme/required_template/required_imageset entries. The important part of the style configuration file is assigning an unique name.
# General Information about this style name = prosilver_duplicate copyright = © phpBB Group, 2007 version = 3.0.3 required_template = prosilver required_theme = prosilver required_imageset = prosilver
Templates should be produced in a consistent manner. Where appropriate they should be based off an existing copy, e.g. index, viewforum or viewtopic (the combination of which implement a range of conditional and variable forms). Please also note that the indentation and coding guidelines also apply to templates where possible.
The outer table class forumline
has gone and is replaced with tablebg
.
When writing <table>
the order <table class="" cellspacing="" cellpadding="" border="" align="">
creates consistency and allows everyone to easily see which table produces which "look". The same applies to most other tags for which additional parameters can be set, consistency is the major aim here.
Each block level element should be indented by one tab, same for tabular elements, e.g. <tr>
<td>
etc., whereby the intendiation of <table>
and the following/ending <tr>
should be on the same line. This applies not to div elements of course.
Don't use <span>
more than is essential ... the CSS is such that text sizes are dependent on the parent class. So writing <span class="gensmall"><span class="gensmall">TEST</span></span>
will result in very very small text. Similarly don't use span at all if another element can contain the class definition, e.g.
<td><span class="gensmall">TEST</span></td>
can just as well become:
<td class="gensmall">TEST</td>
Try to match text class types with existing useage, e.g. don't use the nav class where viewtopic uses gensmall for example.
Row colours/classes are now defined by the template, use an IF S_ROW_COUNT
switch, see viewtopic or viewforum for an example.
Remember block level ordering is important ... while not all pages validate as XHTML 1.0 Strict compliant it is something we're trying to work on.
Use a standard cellpadding of 2 and cellspacing of 0 on outer tables. Inner tables can vary from 0 to 3 or even 4 depending on the need.
Use div container/css for styling and table for data representation.
The separate catXXXX and thXXX classes are gone. When defining a header cell just use <th>
rather than <th class="thHead">
etc. Similarly for cat, don't use <td class="catLeft">
use <td class="cat">
etc.
Try to retain consistency of basic layout and class useage, i.e. _EXPLAIN text should generally be placed below the title it explains, e.g. {L_POST_USERNAME}<br /><span class="gensmall">{L_POST_USERNAME_EXPLAIN}</span>
is the typical way of handling this ... there may be exceptions and this isn't a hard and fast rule.
Try to keep template conditional and other statements tabbed in line with the block to which they refer.
this is correct
<!-- BEGIN test --> <tr> <td>{test.TEXT}</td> </tr> <!-- END test -->
this is also correct:
<!-- BEGIN test --> <tr> <td>{test.TEXT}</td> </tr> <!-- END test -->
it gives immediate feedback on exactly what is looping - decide which way to use based on the readability.
Firstly templates now take the suffix ".html" rather than ".tpl". This was done simply to make the lives of some people easier wrt syntax highlighting, etc.
All template variables should be named appropriately (using underscores for spaces), language entries should be prefixed with L_, system data with S_, urls with U_, javascript urls with UA_, language to be put in javascript statements with LA_, all other variables should be presented 'as is'.
L_* template variables are automatically mapped to the corresponding language entry if the code does not set (and therefore overwrite) this variable specifically and if the language entry exists. For example {L_USERNAME}
maps to $user->lang['USERNAME']
. The LA_* template variables are handled within the same way, but properly escaped so they can be put in javascript code. This should reduce the need to assign loads of new language variables in MODifications.
The basic block level loop remains and takes the form:
<!-- BEGIN loopname --> markup, {loopname.X_YYYYY}, etc. <!-- END loopname -->
A bit later loops will be explained further. To not irritate you we will explain conditionals as well as other statements first.
Something that existed in 2.0.x which no longer exists in 3.0.x is the ability to assign a template to a variable. This was used (for example) to output the jumpbox. Instead (perhaps better, perhaps not but certainly more flexible) we now have INCLUDE. This takes the simple form:
<!-- INCLUDE filename -->
You will note in the 3.0 templates the major sources start with <!-- INCLUDE overall_header.html -->
or <!-- INCLUDE simple_header.html -->
, etc. In 2.0.x control of "which" header to use was defined entirely within the code. In 3.0.x the template designer can output what they like. Note that you can introduce new templates (i.e. other than those in the default set) using this system and include them as you wish ... perhaps useful for a common "menu" bar or some such. No need to modify loads of files as with 2.0.x.
Added in 3.0.6 is the ability to include a file using a template variable to specify the file, this functionality only works for root variables (i.e. not block variables).
<!-- INCLUDE {FILE_VAR} -->
Template defined variables can also be utilised.
<!-- DEFINE $SOME_VAR = 'my_file.html' --> <!-- INCLUDE {$SOME_VAR} -->
A contentious decision has seen the ability to include PHP within the template introduced. This is achieved by enclosing the PHP within relevant tags:
<!-- PHP --> echo "hello!"; <!-- ENDPHP -->
You may also include PHP from an external file using:
<!-- INCLUDEPHP somefile.php -->
it will be included and executed inline.
A note, it is very much encouraged that template designers do not include PHP. The ability to include raw PHP was introduced primarily to allow end users to include banner code, etc. without modifying multiple files (as with 2.0.x). It was not intended for general use ... hence www.phpbb.com will not make available template sets which include PHP. And by default templates will have PHP disabled (the admin will need to specifically activate PHP for a template).
The most significant addition to 3.0.x are conditions or control structures, "if something then do this else do that". The system deployed is very similar to Smarty. This may confuse some people at first but it offers great potential and great flexibility with a little imagination. In their most simple form these constructs take the form:
<!-- IF expr --> markup <!-- ENDIF -->
expr can take many forms, for example:
<!-- IF loop.S_ROW_COUNT is even --> markup <!-- ENDIF -->
This will output the markup if the S_ROW_COUNT variable in the current iteration of loop is an even value (i.e. the expr is TRUE). You can use various comparison methods (standard as well as equivalent textual versions noted in square brackets) including (not, or, and, eq, neq, is
should be used if possible for better readability):
== [eq] != [neq, ne] <> (same as !=) !== (not equivalent in value and type) === (equivalent in value and type) > [gt] < [lt] >= [gte] <= [lte] && [and] || [or] % [mod] ! [not] + - * / , << (bitwise shift left) >> (bitwise shift right) | (bitwise or) ^ (bitwise xor) & (bitwise and) ~ (bitwise not) is (can be used to join comparison operations)
Basic parenthesis can also be used to enforce good old BODMAS rules. Additionally some basic comparison types are defined:
even odd div
Beyond the simple use of IF you can also do a sequence of comparisons using the following:
<!-- IF expr1 --> markup <!-- ELSEIF expr2 --> markup . . . <!-- ELSEIF exprN --> markup <!-- ELSE --> markup <!-- ENDIF -->
Each statement will be tested in turn and the relevant output generated when a match (if a match) is found. It is not necessary to always use ELSEIF, ELSE can be used alone to match "everything else".
So what can you do with all this? Well take for example the colouration of rows in viewforum. In 2.0.x row colours were predefined within the source as either row color1, row color2 or row class1, row class2. In 3.0.x this is moved to the template, it may look a little daunting at first but remember control flows from top to bottom and it's not too difficult:
<table> <!-- IF loop.S_ROW_COUNT is even --> <tr class="row1"> <!-- ELSE --> <tr class="row2"> <!-- ENDIF --> <td>HELLO!</td> </tr> </table>
This will cause the row cell to be output using class row1 when the row count is even, and class row2 otherwise. The S_ROW_COUNT parameter gets assigned to loops by default. Another example would be the following:
<table> <!-- IF loop.S_ROW_COUNT > 10 --> <tr bgcolor="#FF0000"> <!-- ELSEIF loop.S_ROW_COUNT > 5 --> <tr bgcolor="#00FF00"> <!-- ELSEIF loop.S_ROW_COUNT > 2 --> <tr bgcolor="#0000FF"> <!-- ELSE --> <tr bgcolor="#FF00FF"> <!-- ENDIF --> <td>hello!</td> </tr> </table>
This will output the row cell in purple for the first two rows, blue for rows 2 to 5, green for rows 5 to 10 and red for remainder. So, you could produce a "nice" gradient effect, for example.
What else can you do? Well, you could use IF to do common checks on for example the login state of a user:
<!-- IF S_USER_LOGGED_IN --> markup <!-- ENDIF -->
This replaces the existing (fudged) method in 2.0.x using a zero length array and BEGIN/END.
Back to our loops - they had been extended with the following additions. Firstly you can set the start and end points of the loop. For example:
<!-- BEGIN loopname(2) --> markup <!-- END loopname -->
Will start the loop on the third entry (note that indexes start at zero). Extensions of this are:
loopname(2)
: Will start the loop on the 3rd entry
loopname(-2)
: Will start the loop two entries from the end
loopname(3,4)
: Will start the loop on the fourth entry and end it on the fifth
loopname(3,-4)
: Will start the loop on the fourth entry and end it four from last
A further extension to begin is BEGINELSE:
<!-- BEGIN loop --> markup <!-- BEGINELSE --> markup <!-- END loop -->
This will cause the markup between BEGINELSE
and END
to be output if the loop contains no values. This is useful for forums with no topics (for example) ... in some ways it replaces "bits of" the existing "switch_" type control (the rest being replaced by conditionals).
Another way of checking if a loop contains values is by prefixing the loops name with a dot:
<!-- IF .loop --> <!-- BEGIN loop --> markup <!-- END loop --> <!-- ELSE --> markup <!-- ENDIF -->
You are even able to check the number of items within a loop by comparing it with values within the IF condition:
<!-- IF .loop > 2 --> <!-- BEGIN loop --> markup <!-- END loop --> <!-- ELSE --> markup <!-- ENDIF -->
Nesting loops cause the conditionals needing prefixed with all loops from the outer one to the inner most. An illustration of this:
<!-- BEGIN firstloop --> {firstloop.MY_VARIABLE_FROM_FIRSTLOOP} <!-- BEGIN secondloop --> {firstloop.secondloop.MY_VARIABLE_FROM_SECONDLOOP} <!-- END secondloop --> <!-- END firstloop -->
Sometimes it is necessary to break out of nested loops to be able to call another loop within the current iteration. This sounds a little bit confusing and it is not used very often. The following (rather complex) example shows this quite good - it also shows how you test for the first and last row in a loop (i will explain the example in detail further down):
<!-- BEGIN l_block1 --> <!-- IF l_block1.S_SELECTED --> <strong>{l_block1.L_TITLE}</strong> <!-- IF S_PRIVMSGS --> <!-- the ! at the beginning of the loop name forces the loop to be not a nested one of l_block1 --> <!-- BEGIN !folder --> <!-- IF folder.S_FIRST_ROW --> <ul class="nav"> <!-- ENDIF --> <li><a href="{folder.U_FOLDER}">{folder.FOLDER_NAME}</a></li> <!-- IF folder.S_LAST_ROW --> </ul> <!-- ENDIF --> <!-- END !folder --> <!-- ENDIF --> <ul class="nav"> <!-- BEGIN l_block2 --> <li> <!-- IF l_block1.l_block2.S_SELECTED --> <strong>{l_block1.l_block2.L_TITLE}</strong> <!-- ELSE --> <a href="{l_block1.l_block2.U_TITLE}">{l_block1.l_block2.L_TITLE}</a> <!-- ENDIF --> </li> <!-- END l_block2 --> </ul> <!-- ELSE --> <a class="nav" href="{l_block1.U_TITLE}">{l_block1.L_TITLE}</a> <!-- ENDIF --> <!-- END l_block1 -->
Let us first concentrate on this part of the example:
<!-- BEGIN l_block1 --> <!-- IF l_block1.S_SELECTED --> markup <!-- ELSE --> <a class="nav" href="{l_block1.U_TITLE}">{l_block1.L_TITLE}</a> <!-- ENDIF --> <!-- END l_block1 -->
Here we open the loop l_block1 and do some things if the value S_SELECTED within the current loop iteration is true, else we write the blocks link and title. Here, you see {l_block1.L_TITLE}
referenced - you remember that L_* variables get automatically assigned the corresponding language entry? This is true, but not within loops. The L_TITLE variable within the loop l_block1 is assigned within the code itself.
Let's have a closer look at the markup:
<!-- BEGIN l_block1 --> . . <!-- IF S_PRIVMSGS --> <!-- BEGIN !folder --> <!-- IF folder.S_FIRST_ROW --> <ul class="nav"> <!-- ENDIF --> <li><a href="{folder.U_FOLDER}">{folder.FOLDER_NAME}</a></li> <!-- IF folder.S_LAST_ROW --> </ul> <!-- ENDIF --> <!-- END !folder --> <!-- ENDIF --> . . <!-- END l_block1 -->
The <!-- IF S_PRIVMSGS -->
statement clearly checks a global variable and not one within the loop, since the loop is not given here. So, if S_PRIVMSGS is true we execute the shown markup. Now, you see the <!-- BEGIN !folder -->
statement. The exclamation mark is responsible for instructing the template engine to iterate through the main loop folder. So, we are now within the loop folder - with <!-- BEGIN folder -->
we would have been within the loop l_block1.folder
automatically as is the case with l_block2:
<!-- BEGIN l_block1 --> . . <ul class="nav"> <!-- BEGIN l_block2 --> <li> <!-- IF l_block1.l_block2.S_SELECTED --> <strong>{l_block1.l_block2.L_TITLE}</strong> <!-- ELSE --> <a href="{l_block1.l_block2.U_TITLE}">{l_block1.l_block2.L_TITLE}</a> <!-- ENDIF --> </li> <!-- END l_block2 --> </ul> . . <!-- END l_block1 -->
You see the difference? The loop l_block2 is a member of the loop l_block1 but the loop folder is a main loop.
Now back to our folder loop:
<!-- IF folder.S_FIRST_ROW --> <ul class="nav"> <!-- ENDIF --> <li><a href="{folder.U_FOLDER}">{folder.FOLDER_NAME}</a></li> <!-- IF folder.S_LAST_ROW --> </ul> <!-- ENDIF -->
You may have wondered what the comparison to S_FIRST_ROW and S_LAST_ROW is about. If you haven't guessed already - it is checking for the first iteration of the loop with S_FIRST_ROW
and the last iteration with S_LAST_ROW
. This can come in handy quite often if you want to open or close design elements, like the above list. Let us imagine a folder loop build with three iterations, it would go this way:
<ul class="nav"> <!-- written on first iteration --> <li>first element</li> <!-- written on first iteration --> <li>second element</li> <!-- written on second iteration --> <li>third element</li> <!-- written on third iteration --> </ul> <!-- written on third iteration -->
As you can see, all three elements are written down as well as the markup for the first iteration and the last one. Sometimes you want to omit writing the general markup - for example:
<!-- IF folder.S_FIRST_ROW --> <ul class="nav"> <!-- ELSEIF folder.S_LAST_ROW --> </ul> <!-- ELSE --> <li><a href="{folder.U_FOLDER}">{folder.FOLDER_NAME}</a></li> <!-- ENDIF -->
would result in the following markup:
<ul class="nav"> <!-- written on first iteration --> <li>second element</li> <!-- written on second iteration --> </ul> <!-- written on third iteration -->
Just always remember that processing is taking place from top to bottom.
If a form is used for a non-trivial operation (i.e. more than a jumpbox), then it should include the {S_FORM_TOKEN}
template variable.
<form method="post" id="mcp" action="{U_POST_ACTION}"> <fieldset class="submit-buttons"> <input type="reset" value="{L_RESET}" name="reset" class="button2" /> <input type="submit" name="action[add_warning]" value="{L_SUBMIT}" class="button1" /> {S_FORM_TOKEN} </fieldset> </form>
When basing a new style on an existing one, it is not necessary to provide all the template files. By declaring the base style name in the inherit_from field in the template configuration file, the style can be set to inherit template files from the base style. The limitation on this is that the base style has to be installed and complete, meaning that it is not itself inheriting.
The effect of doing so is that the template engine will use the template files in the new style where they exist, but fall back to files in the base style otherwise. Declaring a style to inherit from another also causes it to use some of the configuration settings of the base style, notably database storage.
We strongly encourage the use of inheritance for styles based on the bundled styles, as it will ease the update procedure.
# General Information about this template name = inherits copyright = © phpBB Group, 2007 version = 3.0.3 # Defining a different template bitfield template_bitfield = lNg= # Are we inheriting? inherit_from = prosilver
The Universal Character Set (UCS) described in ISO/IEC 10646 consists of a large amount of characters. Each of them has a unique name and a code point which is an integer number. Unicode - which is an industry standard - complements the Universal Character Set with further information about the characters' properties and alternative character encodings. More information on Unicode can be found on the Unicode Consortium's website. One of the Unicode encodings is the 8-bit Unicode Transformation Format (UTF-8). It encodes characters with up to four bytes aiming for maximum compatibility with the American Standard Code for Information Interchange which is a 7-bit encoding of a relatively small subset of the UCS.
Unfortunately PHP does not faciliate the use of Unicode prior to version 6. Most functions simply treat strings as sequences of bytes assuming that each character takes up exactly one byte. This behaviour still allows for storing UTF-8 encoded text in PHP strings but many operations on strings have unexpected results. To circumvent this problem we have created some alternative functions to PHP's native string operations which use code points instead of bytes. These functions can be found in /includes/utf/utf_tools.php
. They are also covered in the phpBB3 Sourcecode Documentation. A lot of native PHP functions still work with UTF-8 as long as you stick to certain restrictions. For example explode
still works as long as the first and the last character of the delimiter string are ASCII characters.
phpBB only uses the ASCII and the UTF-8 character encodings. Still all Strings are UTF-8 encoded because ASCII is a subset of UTF-8. The only exceptions to this rule are code sections which deal with external systems which use other encodings and character sets. Such external data should be converted to UTF-8 using the utf8_recode()
function supplied with phpBB. It supports a variety of other character sets and encodings, a full list can be found below.
With request_var()
you can either allow all UCS characters in user input or restrict user input to ASCII characters. This feature is controlled by the function's third parameter called $multibyte
. You should allow multibyte characters in posts, PMs, topic titles, forum names, etc. but it's not necessary for internal uses like a $mode
variable which should only hold a predefined list of ASCII strings anyway.
// an input string containing a multibyte character $_REQUEST['multibyte_string'] = 'Käse'; // print request variable as a UTF-8 string allowing multibyte characters echo request_var('multibyte_string', '', true); // print request variable as ASCII string echo request_var('multibyte_string', '');
This code snippet will generate the following output:
Käse K??se
If you retrieve user input with multibyte characters you should additionally normalize the string using utf8_normalize_nfc()
before you work with it. This is necessary to make sure that equal characters can only occur in one particular binary representation. For example the character Å can be represented either as U+00C5
(LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE) or as U+212B
(ANGSTROM SIGN). phpBB uses Normalization Form Canonical Composition (NFC) for all text. So the correct version of the above example would look like this:
$_REQUEST['multibyte_string'] = 'Käse'; // normalize multibyte strings echo utf8_normalize_nfc(request_var('multibyte_string', '', true)); // ASCII strings do not need to be normalized echo request_var('multibyte_string', '');
Case insensitive comparison of strings is no longer possible with strtolower
or strtoupper
as some characters have multiple lower case or multiple upper case forms depending on their position in a word. The utf8_strtolower
and the utf8_strtoupper
functions suffer from the same problem so they can only be used to display upper/lower case versions of a string but they cannot be used for case insensitive comparisons either. So instead you should use case folding which gives you a case insensitive version of the string which can be used for case insensitive comparisons. An NFC normalized string can be case folded using utf8_case_fold_nfc()
.
// Bad - The strings might be the same even if strtolower differs
if (strtolower($string1) == strtolower($string2)) { echo '$string1 and $string2 are equal or differ in case'; }
// Good - Case folding is really case insensitive
if (utf8_case_fold_nfc($string1) == utf8_case_fold_nfc($string2)) { echo '$string1 and $string2 are equal or differ in case'; }
phpBB offers a special method utf8_clean_string
which can be used to make sure string identifiers are unique. This method uses Normalization Form Compatibility Composition (NFKC) instead of NFC and replaces similarly looking characters with a particular representative of the equivalence class. This method is currently used for usernames and group names to avoid confusion with similarly looking names.
phpBB is one of the most translated open-source projects, with the current stable version being available in over 60 localisations. Whilst the ad hoc approach to the naming of language packs has worked, for phpBB3 and beyond we hope to make this process saner which will allow for better interoperation with current and future web browsers.
With phpBB3, the output encoding for the forum in now UTF-8, a Universal Character Encoding by the Unicode Consortium that is by design a superset to US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1. By using one character set which simultaenously supports all scripts which previously would have required different encodings (eg: ISO-8859-1 to ISO-8859-15 (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Thai, Hebrew, Arabic); GB2312 (Simplified Chinese); Big5 (Traditional Chinese), EUC-JP (Japanese), EUC-KR (Korean), VISCII (Vietnamese); et cetera), we remove the need to convert between encodings and improves the accessibility of multilingual forums.
The impact is that the language files for phpBB must now also be encoded as UTF-8, with a caveat that the files must not contain a BOM for compatibility reasons with non-Unicode aware versions of PHP. For those with forums using the Latin character set (ie: most European languages), this change is transparent since UTF-8 is superset to US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1.
The IETF recently published RFC 4646 for tags used to identify languages, which in combination with RFC 4647 obseletes the older RFC 3006 and older-still RFC 1766. RFC 4646 uses ISO 639-1/ISO 639-2, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, ISO 15924 and UN M.49 to define a language tag. Each complete tag is composed of subtags which are not case sensitive and can also be empty.
Ordering of the subtags in the case that they are all non-empty is: language
-script
-region
-variant
-extension
-privateuse
. Should any subtag be empty, its corresponding hyphen would also be ommited. Thus, the language tag for English will be en
and not en-----
.
Most language tags consist of a two- or three-letter language subtag (from ISO 639-1/ISO 639-2). Sometimes, this is followed by a two-letter or three-digit region subtag (from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 or UN M.49). Some examples are:
Language tag | Description | Component subtags |
---|---|---|
en |
English | language |
mas |
Masai | language |
fr-CA |
French as used in Canada | language +region |
en-833 |
English as used in the Isle of Man | language +region |
zh-Hans |
Chinese written with Simplified script | language +script |
zh-Hant-HK |
Chinese written with Traditional script as used in Hong Kong | language +script +region |
de-AT-1996 |
German as used in Austria with 1996 orthography | language +region +variant |
The ultimate aim of a language tag is to convey the needed useful distingushing information, whilst keeping it as short as possible. So for example, use en
, fr
and ja
as opposed to en-GB
, fr-FR
and ja-JP
, since we know English, French and Japanese are the native language of Great Britain, France and Japan respectively.
Next is the ISO 15924 language script code and when one should or shouldn't use it. For example, whilst en-Latn
is syntaxically correct for describing English written with Latin script, real world English writing is more-or-less exclusively in the Latin script. For such languages like English that are written in a single script, the IANA Language Subtag Registry has a "Suppress-Script" field meaning the script code should be ommitted unless a specific language tag requires a specific script code. Some languages are written in more than one script and in such cases, the script code is encouraged since an end-user may be able to read their language in one script, but not the other. Some examples are:
Language tag | Description | Component subtags |
---|---|---|
en-Brai |
English written in Braille script | language +script |
en-Dsrt |
English written in Deseret (Mormon) script | language +script |
sr-Latn |
Serbian written in Latin script | language +script |
sr-Cyrl |
Serbian written in Cyrillic script | language +script |
mn-Mong |
Mongolian written in Mongolian script | language +script |
mn-Cyrl |
Mongolian written in Cyrillic script | language +script |
mn-Phag |
Mongolian written in Phags-pa script | language +script |
az-Cyrl-AZ |
Azerbaijani written in Cyrillic script as used in Azerbaijan | language +script +region |
az-Latn-AZ |
Azerbaijani written in Latin script as used in Azerbaijan | language +script +region |
az-Arab-IR |
Azerbaijani written in Arabic script as used in Iran | language +script +region |
Usage of the three-digit UN M.49 code over the two-letter ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code should hapen if a macro-geographical entity is required and/or the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 is ambiguous.
Examples of English using marco-geographical regions:
ISO 639-1/ISO 639-2 + ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 | ISO 639-1/ISO 639-2 + UN M.49 (Example macro regions) | |
---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Examples of Spanish using marco-geographical regions:
ISO 639-1/ISO 639-2 + ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 | ISO 639-1/ISO 639-2 + UN M.49 (Example macro regions) | |
---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
||
|
||
|
|
Example of where the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 is ambiguous and why UN M.49 might be preferred:
CS assignment pre-1994 |
CS assignment post-1994 |
||
---|---|---|---|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
RFC 4646 anticipates features which shall be available in (currently draft) ISO 639-3 which aims to provide as complete enumeration of languages as possible, including living, extinct, ancient and constructed languages, whether majour, minor or unwritten. A new feature of ISO 639-3 compared to the previous two revisions is the concept of macrolanguages where Arabic and Chinese are two such examples. In such cases, their respective codes of ar
and zh
is very vague as to which dialect/topolect is used or perhaps some terse classical variant which may be difficult for all but very educated users. For such macrolanguages, it is recommended that the sub-language tag is used as a suffix to the macrolanguage tag, eg:
Language tag | Description | Component subtags |
---|---|---|
zh-cmn |
Mandarin (Putonghau/Guoyu) Chinese | macrolanguage +sublanguage |
zh-yue |
Yue (Cantonese) Chinese | macrolanguage +sublanguage |
zh-cmn-Hans |
Mandarin (Putonghau/Guoyu) Chinese written in Simplified script | macrolanguage +sublanguage +script |
zh-cmn-Hant |
Mandarin (Putonghau/Guoyu) Chinese written in Traditional script | macrolanguage +sublanguage +script |
zh-nan-Latn-TW |
Minnan (Hoklo) Chinese written in Latin script (POJ Romanisation) as used in Taiwan | macrolanguage +sublanguage +script +region |
For phpBB, the language tags are not used in their raw form and instead converted to all lower-case and have the hyphen -
replaced with an underscore _
where appropriate, with some examples below:
Raw language tag | Description | Value of USER_LANG in ./common.php |
Language pack directory name in /language/ |
---|---|---|---|
en |
British English | en |
en |
de-AT |
German as used in Austria | de-at |
de_at |
es-419 |
Spanish as used in Latin America & Caribbean | en-419 |
en_419 |
zh-yue-Hant-HK |
Cantonese written in Traditional script as used in Hong Kong | zh-yue-hant-hk |
zh_yue_hant_hk |
iso.txt
:The iso.txt
file is a small UTF-8 encoded plain-text file which consists of three lines:
Language's English name
Language's local name
Authors information
iso.txt
is automatically generated by the language pack submission system on phpBB.com. You don't have to create this file yourself if you plan on releasing your language pack on phpBB.com, but do keep in mind that phpBB itself does require this file to be present.
Because language tags themselves are meant to be machine read, they can be rather obtuse to humans and why descriptive strings as provided by iso.txt
are needed. Whilst en-US
could be fairly easily deduced to be "English as used in the United States", de-CH
is more difficult less one happens to know that de
is from "Deutsch", German for "German" and CH
is the abbreviation of the official Latin name for Switzerland, "Confoederatio Helvetica".
For the English language description, the language name is always first and any additional attributes required to describe the subtags within the language code are then listed in order separated with commas and enclosed within parentheses, eg:
Raw language tag | English description within iso.txt |
---|---|
en |
British English |
en-US |
English (United States) |
en-053 |
English (Australia & New Zealand) |
de |
German |
de-CH-1996 |
German (Switzerland, 1996 orthography) |
gws-1996 |
Swiss German (1996 orthography) |
zh-cmn-Hans-CN |
Mandarin Chinese (Simplified, Mainland China) |
zh-yue-Hant-HK |
Cantonese Chinese (Traditional, Hong Kong) |
For the localised language description, just translate the English version though use whatever appropriate punctuation typical for your own locale, assuming the language uses punctuation at all.
Because phpBB is now UTF-8, all translators must take into account that certain strings may be shown when the directionality of the document is either opposite to normal or is ambiguous.
The various Unicode control characters for bi-directional text and their HTML enquivalents where appropriate are as follows:
Unicode character abbreviation |
Unicode code-point |
Unicode character name |
Equivalent HTML markup/entity |
Raw character (enclosed between '') |
---|---|---|---|---|
LRM |
U+200E |
Left-to-Right Mark | ‎ |
'' |
RLM |
U+200F |
Right-to-Left Mark | ‏ |
'' |
LRE |
U+202A |
Left-to-Right Embedding | dir="ltr" |
'' |
RLE |
U+202B |
Right-to-Left Embedding | dir="rtl" |
'' |
PDF |
U+202C |
Pop Directional Formatting | </bdo> |
'' |
LRO |
U+202D |
Left-to-Right Override | <bdo dir="ltr"> |
'' |
RLO |
U+202E |
Right-to-Left Override | <bdo dir="rtl"> |
'' |
For iso.txt
, the directionality of the text can be explicitly set using special Unicode characters via any of the three methods provided by left-to-right/right-to-left markers/embeds/overrides, as without them, the ordering of characters will be incorrect, eg:
Directionality | Raw character view | Display of localised description in iso.txt |
Ordering |
---|---|---|---|
dir="ltr" |
English (Australia & New Zealand) | English (Australia & New Zealand) | Correct |
dir="rtl" |
English (Australia & New Zealand) | English (Australia & New Zealand) | Incorrect |
dir="rtl" with LRM |
English (Australia & New Zealand)U+200E |
English (Australia & New Zealand) | Correct |
dir="rtl" with LRE & PDF |
U+202A English (Australia & New Zealand)U+202C |
English (Australia & New Zealand) | Correct |
dir="rtl" with LRO & PDF |
U+202D English (Australia & New Zealand)U+202C |
English (Australia & New Zealand) | Correct |
In choosing which of the three methods to use, in the majority of cases, the LRM
or RLM
to put a "strong" character to fully enclose an ambiguous punctuation character and thus make it inherit the correct directionality is sufficient.
Within some cases, there may be mixed scripts of a left-to-right and right-to-left direction, so using LRE
& RLE
with PDF
may be more appropriate. Lastly, in very rare instances where directionality must be forced, then use LRO
& RLO
with PDF
.
For further information on authoring techniques of bi-directional text, please see the W3C tutorial on authoring techniques for XHTML pages with bi-directional text.
As phpBB is translated into languages with different ordering rules to that of English, it is possible to show specific values in any order deemed appropriate. Take for example the extremely simple "Page X of Y", whilst in English this could just be coded as:
... 'PAGE_OF' => 'Page %s of %s', /* Just grabbing the replacements as they come and hope they are in the right order */ ...
… a clearer way to show explicit replacement ordering is to do:
... 'PAGE_OF' => 'Page %1$s of %2$s', /* Explicit ordering of the replacements, even if they are the same order as English */ ...
Why bother at all? Because some languages, the string transliterated back to English might read something like:
... 'PAGE_OF' => 'Total of %2$s pages, currently on page %1$s', /* Explicit ordering of the replacements, reversed compared to English as the total comes first */ ...
As the language files are PHP files, where the various strings for phpBB are stored within an array which in turn are used for display within an HTML page, rules of syntax for both must be considered. Potentially problematic characters are: '
(straight quote/apostrophe), "
(straight double quote), <
(less-than sign), >
(greater-than sign) and &
(ampersand).
// Bad - The un-escapsed straight-quote/apostrophe will throw a PHP parse error
... 'CONV_ERROR_NO_AVATAR_PATH' => 'Note to developer: you must specify $convertor['avatar_path'] to use %s.', ...
// Good - Literal straight quotes should be escaped with a backslash, ie: \
... 'CONV_ERROR_NO_AVATAR_PATH' => 'Note to developer: you must specify $convertor[\'avatar_path\'] to use %s.', ...
However, because phpBB3 now uses UTF-8 as its sole encoding, we can actually use this to our advantage and not have to remember to escape a straight quote when we don't have to:
// Bad - The un-escapsed straight-quote/apostrophe will throw a PHP parse error
... 'USE_PERMISSIONS' => 'Test out user's permissions', ...
// Okay - However, non-programmers wouldn't type "user\'s" automatically
... 'USE_PERMISSIONS' => 'Test out user\'s permissions', ...
// Best - Use the Unicode Right-Single-Quotation-Mark character
... 'USE_PERMISSIONS' => 'Test out user’s permissions', ...
The "
(straight double quote), <
(less-than sign) and >
(greater-than sign) characters can all be used as displayed glyphs or as part of HTML markup, for example:
// Bad - Invalid HTML, as segments not part of elements are not entitised
... 'FOO_BAR' => 'PHP version < 4.3.3.<br /> Visit "Downloads" at <a href="http://www.php.net/">www.php.net</a>.', ...
// Okay - No more invalid HTML, but """ is rather clumsy
... 'FOO_BAR' => 'PHP version < 4.3.3.<br /> Visit "Downloads" at <a href="http://www.php.net/">www.php.net</a>.', ...
// Best - No more invalid HTML, and usage of correct typographical quotation marks
... 'FOO_BAR' => 'PHP version < 4.3.3.<br /> Visit “Downloads” at <a href="http://www.php.net/">www.php.net</a>.', ...
Lastly, the &
(ampersand) must always be entitised regardless of where it is used:
// Bad - Invalid HTML, none of the ampersands are entitised
... 'FOO_BAR' => '<a href="http://somedomain.tld/?foo=1&bar=2">Foo & Bar</a>.', ...
// Good - Valid HTML, amperands are correctly entitised in all cases
... 'FOO_BAR' => '<a href="http://somedomain.tld/?foo=1&bar=2">Foo & Bar</a>.', ...
As for how these charcters are entered depends very much on choice of Operating System, current language locale/keyboard configuration and native abilities of the text editor used to edit phpBB language files. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode#Input_methods for more information.
The default language pack bundled with phpBB is British English using Cambridge University Press spelling and is assigned the language code en
. The style and tone of writing tends towards formal and translations should emulate this style, at least for the variant using the most compact language code. Less formal translations or those with colloquialisms must be denoted as such via either an extension
or privateuse
tag within its language code.
This application is opensource software released under the GNU General Public License v2. Please see source code and the docs directory for more details. This package and its contents are Copyright (c) phpBB Group, All Rights Reserved.
This is an explanation of how to use the phpBB auth/acl API.
The auth
class contains methods related to authorisation users to access various board functions, e.g. posting, viewing, replying, logging in (and out), etc. If you need to check whether a user can carry out a task or handle user login/logouts this class is required.
To use any methods contained with the auth
class it first needs to be instantiated. This is best achieved early in the execution of the script in the following manner:
$auth = new auth();
Once an instance of the class has been created you are free to call the various methods it contains. Please note that should you wish to use the auth_admin
methods you will need to instantiate this separately but in the same way.
Following are the methods you are able to use.
The acl
method is the initialisation routine for all the acl functions. If you intend calling any acl method you must first call this. The method takes as its one and only required parameter an associative array containing user information as stored in the database. This array must contain at least the following information; user_id, user_permissions and user_type. It is called in the following way:
$auth->acl(userdata
);
Where userdata is the array containing the aforementioned data.
This method is the primary way of determining what a user can and cannot do for a given option globally or in a given forum. The method should be called in the following way:
$result = $auth->acl_get(option
[,forum
]);
Where option is a string representing the required option, e.g. 'f_list', 'm_edit', 'a_adduser', etc. By adding a ! in front of the option, e.g. '!f_list' the result of this method will be negated. The optional forum term is the integer forum_id.
The method returns a positive integer when the user is allowed to carry out the option and a zero if denied or the other way around if the option is prefixed with an exclamation mark.
If you specify a forum and there is also a global setting for the specified option then this method will return a positive integer if one of them evaluates to a positive integer. An example would be the m_approve option which can be set per forum but also globally. If a user has the global option he will automatically have m_approve in every forum.
There are some special options or flags which are used as prefixes for other options, e.g. 'f_' or 'm_'. These flags will automatically be set to a positive integer if the user has one or more permissions with the given prefix. A local setting will result in the flag being set only locally (so it will require a forum id to retrieve). If a user has one or more global permissions with the prefix acl_get will return a positive integer regardless of the forum id.
This method is funtionally similar to acl_get
in that it returns information on whether a user can or cannot carry out a given task. The difference here is the ability to test several different options in one go. This may be useful for testing whether a user is a moderator or an admin in one call. Rather than having to call and check acl_get
twice.
The method should be called thus:
$result = $auth->acl_gets(option1
[,option2
, ...,optionN
,forum
]);
As with the acl_get
method the options are strings representing the required permissions to check. The forum again is an integer representing a given forum_id.
The method will return a positive integer if acl_get
for one of the options evaluates to a positive integer (combines permissions with OR).
This method is used to find out in which forums a user is allowed to carry out an operation or to find out in which forums he is not allowed to carry out an operation. The method should be called in the following way:
$result = $auth->acl_getf(option
[,clean
]);
Just like in the acl_get
method the option is a string specifying the permission which has to be checked (negation using ! is allowed). The second parameter is a boolean. If it is set to false this method returns all forums with either zero or a positive integer. If it is set to true only those forums with a positive integer as the result will be returned.
The method returns an associative array of the form:
array(forum_id1 => array(option => integer), forum_id2 => ...)
Where option is the option passed to the method and integer is either zero or a positive integer and the same acl_get(option, forum_id)
would return.
This method is used to find out whether a user has a permission in at least one forum or globally. This method is similar to checking whether acl_getf(option, true)
returned one or more forums but it's faster. It should be called in the following way:
$result = $auth->acl_getf_global(option
)
As with the previous methods option is a string specifying the permission which has to be checked.
This method returns either zero or a positive integer.
This should be considered a private method and not be called externally. It handles the generation of the user_permissions data from the basic user and group authorisation data. When necessary this method is called automatically by acl
.
This method clears the user_permissions column in the users table for the given user. If the user ID passed is zero, the permissions cache is cleared for all users. This method should be called whenever permissions are set.
// clear stored permissions for user 2 $user_id = 2; $auth->acl_clear_prefetch($user_id);
This method returns null.
This method returns an an array describing which users have permissions in given fora. The resultant array contains an entry for permission that every user has in every forum when no arguments are passed.
$user_id = array(2, 53); $permissions = array('f_list', 'f_read'); $forum_id = array(1, 2, 3); $result = $auth->acl_get_list($user_id, $permissions, $forum_id);
The parameters may be of the following legal types:
false
, int, array(int, int, int, ...)false
, string, array(string, string, ...)false
, int, array(int, int, int, ...)There are other methods defined in the auth class which serve mostly as private methods, but are available for use if needed. Each of them is used to pull data directly from the database tables. They are:
function acl_group_raw_data($group_id = false, $opts = false, $forum_id = false)
function acl_user_raw_data($user_id = false, $opts = false, $forum_id = false)
function acl_raw_data_single_user($user_id)
function acl_raw_data($user_id = false, $opts = false, $forum_id = false)
function acl_role_data($user_type, $role_type, $ug_id = false, $forum_id = false)
Of these, acl_raw_data
is the most general, but the others will be faster if you need a smaller amount of data.
A number of additional methods are available related to auth
. These handle more basic functions such as adding user and group permissions, new options and clearing the user cache. These methods are contained within a separate class, auth_admin
. This can be found in includes/acp/auth.php
.
To use any methods this class contains it first needs to be instantiated separately from auth
. This is achieved in the same way as auth
:
$auth_admin = new auth_admin();
This instance gives you access to both the methods of this specific class and that of auth
.
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